My Leopard Geckos Thraot Is Swollen

Ablation: Zero Tolerance

On February 5 was held on International Day of Zero Tolerance against Female Genital Mutilation.

Female genital mutilation comprises all procedures involving partial or total ablation of the external female genitalia.

There are three types of mutilation:

Type I: Excision of the prepuce, with or without partial or total amputation of the clitoris.
Type II: Amputation of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora.
Type III: partial or total removal of external genitalia and stitching / narrowing of the vaginal opening (infibulation). According

World Health Organization , worldwide, between 100 and 140 million girls and women have been subjected to procedures of type I, II and III and in Africa each year three million girls and women are at risk of being subjected to any of these types of mutilation.

What are the consequences of executing this practice?

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is very dangerous and often has serious physical, sexual and mental. Usually the procedure takes place in unsanitary conditions and used Dull knives, broken glass, aluminum lids, knives, scissors and knives. Victims are not given anesthesia or antibiotics. Almost no access to medical treatment. A fully infibulated women were cut, scrape or burn the external genitalia. To suture the wound open spines are used or cat or lamb intestines and only a small hole left open for her menstruation. Girls legs were tied together for up to two months to immobilize them while they heal from their wounds.

develop this procedure in unsanitary conditions often result in infection, bleeding, abscesses, benign nerve tumors, cysts, scarring and infertility. Because FGM is practiced as a group ritual in many girls at the same time, using the same instrument to maul, can easily cause infection of HIV and other diseases.



Infibulation generally makes women hold in Inside the urine and menstrual blood, which can result in sterility caused by chronic urinary tract infections and pelvic. In addition, women are constantly subjected to caesarean section and this results in a lot of scars. This results in very painful and dangerous childbirth, as the work of labor is prolonged, the birth canal is blocked and this causes perianal tears in the mother. Generally, those who carried out this procedure (FGM) are not found guilty of damaging effects. Instead, it is said that the culprits are witchcraft or lack of effectiveness of the rituals associated with that procedure.

Women who are subjected to genital mutilation, significantly more likely to have complications when they want to give birth, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, episiotomy and prolonged hospitalization. In addition, children of mothers who had undergone the practice (compared with the others) were at increased risk of dying during childbirth or needing resuscitation immediately after birth.

is documented the existence of this practice in 28 countries in Africa and several countries in Asia and the Middle East. Also reported some forms of mutilation in other countries, and in certain ethnic groups in Central America and South America. Insufficient data to ensure this fact, but that local indicators for girls and women living outside their places of origin, including North America and Western Europe, an increasing number of girls who have suffered or may suffer genital mutilation in their respective host countries. MGT

in Africa: Benin
(50%), Burkina Faso (between 43 and 66%), Cameroon (20%), Chad (60%), Côte d'Ivoire (60%), Egypt (97%) , Eritrea (90%), Ethiopia (90%), Gambia (60 and 90%), Ghana (between 15 and 30%), Guinea (between 70 and 90%), Guinea-Bissau (50 %), Kenya (50%, Liberia (between 50 and 60 percent), Mali (between 90 and 94%), Mauritania (50%), Niger (20%), Nigeria (50%), Central African Republic (50%), Democratic Republic of Congo (5%) , Senegal (20%), Sierra Leone (between 80 and 90%), Somalia (98%), Sudan (89%), Tanzania (10%), Togo (12%, Uganda (5 percent) and Djibouti ( between 90 and 98%).


Why is FGM practiced?

• FGM is traditionally a ritual that marks the entrance of women in society, establishing their legitimacy to marry. It is believed that young women makes them subservient. The justifications for FGM include the belief that babies can die if they touch the clitoris at birth, which is something hygienic and / or improve fertility and protects the chastity.

• In many societies the main reason for FGM is the belief that reduces a woman's sexual appetite and therefore reduces the chances of premarital sex. In societies that practice FGM is difficult if not impossible, for a woman to marry if you have not been mutilated. Marriage is almost always the only path for women in societies that practice FGM because they receive little education and are discouraged to overcome. In the case of infibulation, the woman is "sewn" and only "Open" for her husband. It is thought that restricting women's sexuality is vital for the whole family honor, as it is perceived that all its members depend on it.

How does the FGM to maintain gender stratification?

• The FGM is rooted in discrimination against women. It is an abuse of human rights serves as a tool to socialize girls to prescribed gender roles within the family and community. Therefore it is? Imamente linked to the unequal position of women in political structures, social and economic needs of societies that practice.

• Alternatively, women who are not subjected to FGM in societies where the rule is often become ostracized community. In societies where women are no proper education or employment opportunities for single women are forced to rely on family and community, and give them no opportunity to self-sufficiency. Since marriage is seen as the only acceptable and meaningful role for women in societies that practice FGM (and only the maimed are eligible for marriage), FGM condemns women to domestic roles in the home, the After giving them a lower status and reduced to being objects of sexual satisfaction and parenting children.

The FGM as a violation of human rights:

• Every day thousands of girls are targeted for mutilation. FGM is deliberately causes severe pain and suffering and life-threatening effects. FGM is generally affects girls from newborn to teenage girls and seriously violates the Human Rights of the Child. Most survivors suffer physical and mental scars for life. The violence that women and girls are at home is considered to be an issue "private." In addition, since the perpetrators are private actors rather than state officials, it is difficult to FGM being considered an issue of concern para los derechos humanos.

• La MGF es un ejemplo de las violaciones de derechos humanos basadas en el género que existen en todas las culturas donde se busca controlar la sexualidad y autonomía de la mujer. Aunque es muy impactante debido a su gravedad y magnitud, la MGF no debe ser confrontada en aislamiento. Se debe reconocer que la MGF es solamente una de muchas formas de injusticia social que sufren las mujeres en todo el mundo para lograr crear sociedades donde las mujeres sean valoradas completa e igualitariamente.

• Los DD.HH. ven a la MGF como símbolo de la falta de poder económico y social de la mujer. Para solucionar los problemas que perpetúan la MGF, se debe recognize that civil, political, cultural, economic and social are indivisible and interdependent. DD.HH. principles state that the rights of women to physical and mental integrity, to be free from discrimination and higher health standards are universal. Violations of these rights can never be justified.

The FGM and International Law :

• International law requires the state to investigate, prevent and punish violence against women. 26 of 28 African countries that practice FGM have ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

• The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women recognizes that violence against women not only denied their civil and political rights but also their social and economic rights, declaring that "the consequences prevalent of these structural forms of gender violence to condemn women's subordination and contribute to their low levels of participation, education, knowledge and opportunities. " The statement indicates that the State should not handle the customs, traditions or religion to escape obligations to eliminate violence against women, and must show due diligence to investigate and punish such violence and establish appropriate protective measures.

The work of NGOs to combat FGM:

• local NGOs to recognize that laws are effective, they must be accompanied by broad and inclusive strategies to raise awareness and promote community education. In addition to creating, maintaining and implementing anti-FGM legislation, the State is required to identify and eliminate all beliefs that perpetuate and reinforce gender discrimination. For these reasons NGOs help strengthen state laws against FGM to eradicate this practice when they work in favor of education, tratamiento médico y apoyo para las mujeres en las comunidades donde se practica la MGF.

• Algunas organizaciones locales han designado ritos alternativos para reemplazar a las ceremonias tradicionales de MGF (y por lo tanto a la mutilación genital) con ofrendas de regalos y celebraciones. La clave para el éxito en este sentido es tener la sensibilidad cultural necesaria cuando se confrontan ciertas costumbres tradicionales, las cuáles son consideradas normales y necesarias en las culturas donde se practica la MGF.

• La acción efectiva requiere el entendimiento de lo complejo de las percepciones y creencias relacionadas con la MGF. El significado cultural de la MGF no puede ser ignorado. La erradicación this practice should be defined not as an item on the disposal of such rites, but as the refining and / or replacement of such rites in ways that can promote traditional values \u200b\u200bwhile eliminating the physical and psychological.

• FGM is a practice that complicates and increases the terrible violence against women and girls in ways such as discrimination, repression and inequality. Once this issue becomes more public the countries that permit or perpetuate FGM find more criticism and scrutiny by the international community. It should be clear that any form of violence against women can be justified through cultural arguments of any kind.

• Other NGOs working in that practice to be sanitary, best polémca creating a large scale, it would be a way to legalize the ablation.
  

About:

• attack women journalists in Sierra Leone to report on FGM
• Sudan commemorates International Day Against Female Genital Mutilation
• UN Agencies Unite Against female genital mutilation
• Guinea Bissau about to ban FGM.
  

Motherhood Maternity Return Policyno Receipt

Taliban: the street children

PEOPLES 31: SENEGAL - THE FACE AND THE CROSS

Sophie Hélène Lebeuf

Thursday, 17 April 2008 People Magazine

Every day that Allah will da, Abdoulaye begging in Yoff, a suburb of Dakar. A gesture that repeats, tin can in hand, for four years. Just 12 years old. His companion, Mor, who does not know his age, does the same thing two years ago. Your situation is not unique. According to NGOs, Senegal has about 100,000 of these talibés beggars.

original sense talib word means a young, generally between 3 and 23, who learns the Qur'an with a teacher, the marabou. However, here, over the years, the term has almost become synonymous with street child. "I've never seen so many talibés begging as in Senegal," said Yannick Girardin, a volunteer from the Canadian Centre for International Studies and Cooperation (CECI) working with the Taliban. "I wonder if this phenomenon is primarily a cultural specificity of Senegalese society rather than a manifestation of poverty," is in question after having been in Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau.



In large cities are ubiquitous Senegalese talibés. Dressed in dirty shirts, often too large and broken, wearing sandals or go barefoot. Sometimes, you can see wounds in their skulls. Ask for money from passers-by, are supported by the open windows of cars are reaching the bus station. Every time one of them addressed me, my heart shrinks.

the Taliban in Dakar, the capital, you stare, without opening his mouth. In St. Louis, where many organizations alphabetize the Taliban, some of them addressed a few words in French to tourists, "eat", "money for small talibés "for example. Others go further. When leaving a taxi, a boy of about 7 years I took her hand and shook it hard. Brandishing a big smile, whispered "I love you" in the ear, as I pressed further.

A reality that has changed

"At first, almost every people available in the vicinity of a Koranic school run by a marabout," says Mr. Girardin. "Parents will pay a small fee and talibés working in their field." Economic difficulties have really changed this reality after the last decades, favoring the rural exodus of marabou to, for example, Saint Louis, instead of Koranic teaching and excellence in the country.



"In the field, we are still the traditional daara: children leave their homes in the morning to go to Koranic school, but return later. The difference is that in cities, often the Taliban are committed to marabouts who have few means to meet their needs, "said Mamadou Ly, coordinator of Project Alpha in the Paul Gerin-Lajoie Foundation.

Minority recognized some marabou are paid by parents and prohibiting begging his proteges. However, in general, a Taliban should report between 200 and 500 CFA francs per day, equivalent to slightly less than one euro. They can also bring lumps of sugar or rice, which can be sold. According to the criteria Senegalese, this activity may prove lucrative for a marabout who is between thirty and fifty talibés under their care.

the evening, some Taliban are excluded from daara or even beaten if they bring too much money, says Julie Grenier, talibés program manager in the Paul Gerin-Lajoie Foundation. Yannick Girardin however warns that one must be careful with generalizations.

A day in the life of a Taliban

Standing before dawn, Abdoulaye and Mor, as the other 26 talibés living in the marabou daara Ablaye Diop, alternating periods of study of the Koran (nine hours total) with the hours spent on call, too many. They are then six hours of sleep, right there on the floor, piled one upon the other in a "room" that just should be more than 13 square meters. One piece with two walls, a corrugated sheet as the roof, the other stone. Some school bags hanging from the walls, no furniture.

Next, the room's marabou (very hesitant my presence) has the same dimensions, but from the open door you can see a double bed. The Koranic school has a third room, the bathroom. Sandy, like the street, the yard is located in the center of daara, two goats and two chickens wander by him. There is a tap on the driveway: young people can drink water or use it for washing, a sort of not receiving all talibés.

Poor health

nutritional deficiencies due to poverty cause general health problems and impair physical and intellectual development of boys, emphasized Yannick Girardin. This situation is further complicated with difficult sanitary conditions and high promiscuity within the daaras.

"In the cold season," he explains, "children do not sleep well because there are no blankets, accumulated fatigue and fall sick, colds, bronchitis. In the hot season, with dermatitis, such as scabies, caused by poor hygiene. As access to water is difficult, do not wash often. Because they have no spare clothes, they stay the same for weeks. On the other hand, undiagnosed disease may be aggravated and, in some cases, permanent disabilities. " "There are always two or three children sickened by daara, tells Julie Grenier, should note on my calendar every time I hear that one Taliban dead. "

What does the government?

In November 2004, the Minister of Family, Social Development and National Solidarity of Senegal, Aïda Mbodj, opposed talibés begging. "In Dakar, the Taliban are used by marabou for personal purposes. Learn nothing more than to beg. Thus, they are exposed to theft and crime, "he said.

"In Senegal, the boundary between political and religious domains seem permeable," he replies, however, Yannick Girardin. Julie Grenier shares the same vision: "The Government is elected by religion. President Abdoulaye Wade has his own marabout in Touba, "city called Mecca of Senegal. "Touba talibés accepts, then the government too."

even less trust in this way, the judges CECI cooperating state intervention as necessary to improve the lot of talibés. According to him, would require first and foremost a law to pick up rules around daaras. "Whoever wants to open a kindergarten must follow numerous rules to ensure the quality of education, the competence of the monitors. However, anyone can, without restriction, said marabou, open a daara and teach the Koran. This is an open door for abuses and that allows anyone to recruit children to live at their expense, "Yannick Girardin judges.

Is there hope?

Despite all the goodwill of the NGOs, the challenge is enormous. "I do not think that the work that we carry can provide a lasting solution to this problem," admits Mr. Girardin. "The scale of the problem requires more than a localized intervention. However, with the resources we have at our disposal, we try to improve the lot of some talibés. We hope that our actions reflect arise within the population, which can lead to the largest mobilization and encourage the emergence of new social behaviors toward the Taliban. "

"The Taliban are children abandoned by the modern world and yet are very willing to study," notes for his part, Mr. Ly. "Many are distinguished by their results and can be shipped to the traditional school or receive vocational training. However, this only happens with a minority, we often encounter reluctance by some parents, whose initial desire is to send a daara with a marabout. "

What will become of the Taliban when they are adults? "It's what I wonder since I arrived and no one has given me a satisfactory response and accurate, "admits Yannick Girardin. If they are not literate, if they lack basic education or vocational training, what can you do? Many of them become likely in small street vendors and are integrated into the informal economy. Surely, a certain percentage swell the unemployment statistics, "he concludes.

This article was originally published by Radio Canada: www.radio-canada.ca. Original in French, translated by Bethlehem Peoples Square. This article was originally published in No. 31, People Magazine, March 2008.

Programma Installazione Lg-ge20nu10

With this blog we want to give anyone who wants to read a dynamic view on international cooperation and new knowledge we learn during our training at the Masters in Project Management Cooperation La Salle International.

Components and members of a workgroup, provide facts from various parts of the world: Ruggiero

Ricco from Madrid, Spain
Martha Cecilia Lopez from Bogotá, Colombia,
Raquel Suárez Domínguez from Saint Louis, Senegal and
Benjamin Florez from Sierra Lima, Peru. TEST

Where Can I Buy A Decorative Silver

study and review of the three levels of structures

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PROGRAM STRUCTURE 1
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THEMATIC UNIT 1: Resistant Design of Structures

1. Design of the "structural systems" for buildings that meet the following degrees of complexity:
1.1. Space:
resolution spaces located in one or two levels with circulatory system uses basic. Flat areas with small lights.
1.2. Technology: Structures
using homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials. Traditional building systems.

2. Content and type:
Fundamentals of content and the need to address the issue of the area: housing, jobs, health, education, etc.

3. Introduction to the problem:
knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to acquire for the design and use of 'structural typology' own level 1. The timing of the "Design Process in which you can intervene the" structural subsystems of the building in order to integrate the creative process of "Architectural Design" interpreted as a "total system." Implementation of the process that a coordinated raid on the problem of the level generated by the structural subsystems, construction and facilities, choosing an "optimal structure" which in turn satisfies the conditions outside the structure itself. Analysis of common solutions, in conjunction with critical justification. Variation of the structural design of works, renovations, repairs, reassignments, etc.
The structure and scope as a conditioning factor and conditioned architectural design. Pose structural alternatives. Critical and comparative analysis of various options. Selection of alternatives more appropriate. Development of the chosen alternative. Programming, design, sizing and / or verification, the final sizing. Problems of realization of the works.
architectural resistant structures. Definition. Purpose of the structure. Structural requirements: balance, stability, strength, economy, functionality, aesthetics, etc. Criterion of optimal structure.

4. Loads acting on structures:
Definition. Purpose of the study of the load acting on a structure. Fundamentals. Classification of the loads according to their origin: gravity, wind, special. Inertial state: static and dynamic. By the time of load application, permanent and accidental. Because of its location in space: concentrated and distributed, service charges, etc.
Determination of the magnitude of the charges. Analysis for their determination. Simplification criteria. Transmit the loads through the structural elements.


THEMATIC UNIT 2: The balance and stability and structural requirements.

1. Static:
Definition, objectives, general concepts. Postulates. Flat space and Static Static. Force concept, characteristics. Scalar and vector quantities. Determination graphical and analytical force. Strength and length scales. Usual scales. Ideal rigid body. Rigidity hypothesis. Basic Elements of Statics: forces and torques. Concept of equivalence. Resulting system and balancing system. Principles of statics.

2. General static plane:
rigid plate hypothesis. Concurrent force systems. Non-concurrent force systems. Systems of parallel forces. Solving systems of concurrent forces: the sum of forces and resulting balancing. Principle of the parallelogram. Graphical and analytical conditions of equilibrium. Decomposition of a force in two directions. Solution Graphics and analytical. Solving systems of three or more non-concurrent and parallel forces in the plane. Funicular polygon. Characteristics. Moment of a force about a point. Varignon theorem. Torques. Sum of pairs. Moment of a couple about any point on the plane. Sum of a force and torque. Terms of equilibrium, charts and analytical. Decomposition of a force in two directions. Decomposition of a force in three non-concurrent.

THEMATIC UNIT 3: Immobilization of structures.

linked rigid systems. Degrees of freedom of a point and degrees of freedom of a rigid plate in the plane. Links: various kinds. Apparent links and superabundant. Support. Immobilization of a sheet metal braces. Different types of support. Applications to practical cases in common use. Reactions of relations: their determination. Systems consisting of two plates. Degrees of freedom. Determination of bond reactions. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 4: Efforts Featured

1. Effect
features that external forces cause the structural element connected: analysis of a section. Characteristic efforts: Cutting, bending moments, twisting moment and Normal Stress.

2. Feature diagrams. Concept and purpose
diagrams. Definitions: bending moment, shear stress and normal stress. Analytical relationships between feature diagrams. Application of the relations between diagrams to practical cases. Paths of diagrams features. Path diagrams isostatic beams and frames for different types of loads.

THEMATIC UNIT 5: Geometry of the structural elements.

center of gravity of a body barycenter. Centroids of surfaces. First-order moment. Surface static moment about an axis. Procedures for determination. Second order moments: definition, units and signs of moment of inertia, centrifugal and polar. Relations between the moments of inertia and polar. Parallel transposition. Graphical and analytical determination of the moment of inertia of a figure. Principal axes of inertia. Conjugate axis. Moment of inertia of structural elements of simple or composite sections. Geometrical characteristics of the normal section: area, section modulus, radius of gyration.

THEMATIC UNIT 6: Study of physical-mechanical characteristics of structural materials

The "resistance" as a structural requirement. Structural properties of materials. Fundamental assumptions of the strength of materials. Tensions. Tensile tests of steels common and special aluminum and wood. Stress-strain curves. Yield stress. Proportionality and elasticity. Modulus of elasticity or Young. Compression tests of wood and concrete. Specimens. Curves of stress, strain. Fault voltages. Safety factors. Allowable stresses. Tension characteristics.


THEMATIC UNIT # 7:
lattice structures
Definition. Features and justify its use. Gridded planes. Lattice trusses and beams. Typologies. Metal and wood structures. Generation of a lattice shape. Classification of lattices (consisting by a sheet). Basic assumptions.

efforts in the bars of a grid. Determination of stress: A method of Cremona, Cremona notation and Bow, and Ritter Culmann method.


THEMATIC UNIT 8: Solicitations

1. Simple cases of resistance: 1.1

axial Solicitation: 1.1.1 Traction

simple:
distribution of stresses. Stress state of a section subjected to tensile stresses. Modulus of elasticity and Poison. Deformations. Longitudinal and transverse elongations retractions. Variants of sections and potential forms of resistive elements. Resistive elements "Linear" (bars) subjected to hard drive. Verification of the elongation of an item pulled. Tensors and lattice bars as structural elements.

1.1. 2 Compression simple:
distribution of stresses. Stress state of a section subjected to compression. Longitudinal and transverse expansions shortening. The importance of the "length" of the compressed parts in relation to the size of the section. Different behaviors between "short lengths (simple compression) and" long or slender lengths (see buckling problems). Simple compression and variations of sections and different possibilities of forms of resistive elements compression applied. Examples of short pieces-pillars and long-columns (see buckling). Structural behavior in both situations. Walls, pillars, acting forces, actions that support, design and verification.

1.1. 3 buckling in steel and wood:
general concept of the problem. Unstable equilibrium. Buckling load. Elastic period. Euler formula. Slenderness ratio. Plastic period for steel and wood. Coefficients: buckling, slender ideal of a profile. Lights buckling. Allowable stresses. Sizing and / or verification of single-section columns of steel and wood. 1.2
Court
simple:
shear modulus, distortion. Poison module.

simple Flex 1.3: Flex
normal simple: stress and strain. Fundamental formula, its application. Design and verification. Construction cases where we present the simple bending normal. Oblique simple bending: fundamental formula, simple decomposition of two flexes normal.

1.4 Torque: Formulas
fundamental influence of the shape of the section.

2. Combined cases of resistance

2.1. Flat flex: Tensions
normal and tangential cutting. Cauchy's theorem, formula Collignon, tensions slip, slip stress diagram, rectangular sections and profiles. Sizing and verification of wood and metal parts subject to normal and oblique plane bending.

2.2. Bending composite: flexural and flexocompresión
normal and oblique. Stress distribution. Neutral axis. Core: properties and applications. Sizing and verification of metal and wood composite in bending normal.

THEMATIC UNIT 9: Deformation

Concept deformation structures. Bending deformation in beams and frames: a comparative analysis for different load conditions and support conditions. Elastic deformation: concept and layout. Differential relations between stretches, rotations and small moments. Applying Theorems Mohr. Arrow. Analysis of factors involved in its determination. Acceptable deflection. Importance of verification by its direct impact on the elements of enclosure. Comparative analysis of different sections, materials, lights in the value of the arrow.


THEMATIC UNIT # 10: Systems

Hyperstatic structural continuity. Concept of continuity. Linkage between the components of the system and the resulting continuity. Fundamental differences between isostatic structures and statically. Distinction and convenience statically indeterminate systems. Hyperstaticity degrees. Analysis of the loading conditions according to the structural systems own level.
I raise the resolution of indeterminate systems supported. Resolution of structural. Resolution and determination of diagrams features. Determination of bond reactions. Application. Analysis of continuous beams and frame system. Applications tables.

THEMATIC UNIT # 11: Notions of steel and wood structures.

simple structures. Design criteria. Structural type. Strengths, weaknesses, achievements and limitations. Technical - economic feasibility. Current constructive ways. Use of tables. Sizing and verification of parts. Notions of attachment means.

THEMATIC UNIT # 12: Foundations.

general design considerations. Transmission of the various loads to the slab foundation. Footing. Centered solid bases. Basis for simple metallic structures. Sizing and / or verification. Support the concept of value, bearing capacity and allowable stress of different foundation soils.

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PROGRAM STRUCTURE 2
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THEMATIC UNIT No. 1.

1. Design of structural systems for buildings that respond to the next level of complexity:
1.1. Space: Resolution
covered spaces at different levels with a resolution of elemental circulatory systems. Spaces are organized in small and medium flat light. Height ground floor and three floors or to the limitation set by the local regulations regarding the stiffness of the structure against horizontal loads such as wind or earthquake. Another limitation arises from the discretion of the designer to consider at least two directions in which the project structure should be stable against any horizontal load affecting that person.
In the particular case of the City of Buenos Aires, the limitation of the Building Code, said taking into account in structural design (and calculating) the action of wind on buildings over fifty feet high, or those in which their relationship height - width is greater than two (2). Hence the limitation of ground floor and three (or four) levels.
1.2. Technology:
independent structures in reinforced concrete, prestressed, steel and wood. Streamlined traditional building systems, precast lightweight.
2. Content and Types. Fundamentals
content and the need to address the issue area of \u200b\u200bresidence, employment, health, education, etc.
3. Introduction to the problem.
knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to acquire for the design that can intervene Subsystem "structural" building, in order to integrate the creative process of "Architectural Design" interpreted as "Total System."
Implementation of the process that a coordinated raid on the problem of the level generated by the structural subsystems and facilities construction, choosing a "Best Structure", which in turn satisfies the conditions outside the structure itself. Analysis common solutions in conjunction with critical justification. Variation of the structural design of works. The structure as a conditioning factor and conditions of "Architectural Design."
be prioritized the study of reinforced concrete because it is the most widely used structural material in our environment and are therefore primary objective at this level to examine all the possibilities it offers to its application in the works in situ and in industrial construction. I raise
structural alternatives. Critical analysis - comparing the various options. Selection of appropriate alternatives. Development of the chosen alternative. The programming, sizing and / or verification, the final sizing.
The former effect, shall apply to this program, all the requirements of regulation CIRSOC - INTI in effect on the date hereof, regulations for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, follows the guidelines of the German Standard DIN / 1045/72, not rule out, in the near future, the use of other regulations Argentinos, based for example in the Regulations of ACI (American Concrete Instituto)
realization problems of the works. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 2.

1. Reinforced Concrete Structures.
History: plain concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete (or post-tensioning Share Price). Evolution, scientific and technological development. New applications of reinforced concrete in buildings. Lattice structures. Structural type. Advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the structural systems analyzed. The monolithic character of concrete.
The ease for the designer molding, as required, the concrete through its "mold" (forms). Structural continuity.

2. Concrete Technology.
Studies of the components: aggregates, cement and water. Qualities that give it. Aggregates: grain. Cement: types and characteristics. Fineness modulus. Water-cement ratio, its influence on concrete strength. Dosage: A comparative analysis for different relationships. Concept of characteristic strength, determination. Specimens: preparation, settlement control, Abrams cone. Shuttering of wood, metal and reinforced plastic. Implementation and monitoring of work. Curing: its importance in concrete strength. Additives.

3. Structural behavior of concrete and steel. Period
elastic and plastic period. Fault voltages. Simplified diagram of stresses of reinforcing steel. Natural steel hardness, and toughness mechanics. Creep, its importance in understanding the structure of concrete and the "theory of computation to break." Influence of age, rate of load application and weather. Influence of all deferred deformation on the structural behavior and the emergence of diseases. Charts of "Domains", their interpretation and conceptual analysis of all possible requests and strains generated from axial tensile, flexural with small eccentricity, bending composite with high eccentricity, to axial compression.
Safety factor: percentage deformation of steel and concrete. Influence ductile fracture and brittle steel concrete. Diagrams of stress - strain, diagrams rectangle parable, parable, and others as the rules applied.
Flex: Part stress states of H º A º (State l - ll State or elastic state - state III or limit state) as the stresses increase, variation diagrams of deformations and stresses. Mechanism
internal reagent in a bent piece, roles that concrete and steel respectively, within this mechanism. Par concept of balancing.
Influence of the magnitude of the bending neutral axis position, the size of the spring arm, sections of concrete and steel and consequently the economy of the piece.

THEMATIC UNIT # 3.

parts subjected to bending. Flat slabs. Design
"structural surface." Advantages, Disadvantages, scope and limitations of various structural elements surface. Technical - economic feasibility. Criteria for choosing a mezzanine. Requirements.
Slabs: a) assembled in a single direction (solid and lightened), b) armed in two directions (solid and lightened), c) cantilever, continuing as one or two directions. Terms
support and continuity. Service charges and lights for the calculation. Bending moments in slabs with only one section and several sections or continuous. Shear, verification. Armour and available. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Application of regulations. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 4.

parts subjected to bending. Beams. Design
"structural elements applied to bending dominant." Strengths, weaknesses, successes and shortcomings of the various structural elements. Technical - economic feasibility.
beams: a) rectangular, b) beam plate (symmetrical and asymmetrical), c) beams with compression reinforcement, d) continuous beams.
Support and continuity conditions. Isostatic and statically indeterminate systems. Service loads. Lights for the calculation. Bending moments of beams from a single section and several sections or continuous. Shear, verification. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Application of regulations CIRSOC or others. Armour and discounts, and construction details.


THEMATIC UNIT # 5.

Design structural systems for flat light relative importance. Type
. Trussed structures in one direction. Grating beams. Mezzanines without beams. Coffered. Advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations of various structural systems analyzed. Technical and economic feasibility. Technological aspects as the use of different structural materials. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Regulations. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 6.

prestressed structural system design for flat light of relative importance.
advantages and disadvantages, scope and limitations of structural systems analyzed. Applications. Technical - economic feasibility. Prestressing techniques and construction procedures. Prefabrication: general systems, assemblies, joints of prestressed structures. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Regulations.
prestressed structures for use in building homes, offices, etc., And prestressed slabs, floors without beams prestressed edge beams in buildings with open front and light resistant interior or interior vertical pipe flow, etc. Applications depot buildings at the sidewalk or low, making the most of the reductions in height of structures pre-or post-tensioning effect. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 7.

composite parts in bending. Porches.
arcaded design of structural elements. Strengths, weaknesses, successes and shortcomings of the various structural elements. Feasibility technical - economic. Comparative analysis with the structural behavior of beam and column isolation. Different designs depending on the type of support. Sustainability: static indeterminacy. Flexor requests, cutting normal. Diagrams. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Construction details. Application of regulations. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 8.

1. Parts under compression dominant. Columns. Design
"structural elements mainly applied compression." strengths, weaknesses, successes and shortcomings of the various structural elements. Technical Feasibility - economic. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Columns
focused and with a small eccentricity. Amount. Determination of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Columns with simple brackets. Banded columns. Buckling, the influence of the slenderness. Terms of concrete. Shear and longitudinal reinforcement. Available. Construction details. Application of regulations.
2. Parts under axial traction. Tensors. Design
"structural elements mainly applied traction." Strengths, weaknesses, successes and shortcomings of the various structural elements. Technical - economic feasibility. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Application of regulations.
Tensors: a) tensors in general, b) tensors porch, c) tensors arc. Construction details.
3. Stairs.
Design predimensioning, dimensioning and verification. Application of regulations.
4. Water tanks.
hydrostatic pressure, walls and bottom lids. His behavior as a slab and beam wall support hypotheses of its components. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Application of regulations. Determination and distribution of reinforcement. Collections constructive. Curing and sealing. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 9.

wooden structures.
Design of "structural systems" for the level used as structural material "wood." Lattice structures. Structural type. Strengths, weaknesses, successes and shortcomings of the structural systems analyzed. Technical - economic feasibility. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Regulations. General concepts of wood technology. Structural properties. Pressed and cast. Current constructive ways. Design of "structural elements" called compression columns, simple and complex sections. Bending wood beamed mezzanines. Simple beams or composite sections, junctions, or media link, bolts, etc . THEMATIC UNIT

No. 10.

Metalware. Design
"structural systems" for the level, using as a structural material steel, fabric structures. Structural type, strengths, weaknesses, successes and shortcomings of the structural systems analyzed. Technical - economic feasibility. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Regulations. General concepts of steel technology. Structural properties. Current constructive ways, rolled steel sections. Tubular steel, thin sheets, etc. Design of "structural elements" requested to: compression, simple and complex columns. Bending: metal joists mezzanines, simple beams and joists. Media union. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 11.

1. Foundations. Soil Mechanics (Basics)
In terms of "structural systems" discussed in the Level 2 structural design for foundations. Basic and general concepts of bearing capacity of soils. The soil-resistant material. Features to assemble the foundation soils. notions of soil mechanics. Settlement of foundations. Testing, interpretation. Allowable loads for different soils.
2. Structural type of foundation level.
Advantages, disadvantages and limitations, of different structural elements. Technical - economic feasibility. Criteria for choosing the system of a building foundation. Constructive ways. Direct foundations, isolated bases (centered and eccentric). Combined rectangular and trapezoidal bases. Bases cantilever beams. Foundations indirect. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Regulations.
3. Documentation of work. Plano and spreadsheets
municipal layout plans. Details bending and cutting reinforcing. Metric computation.

THEMATIC UNIT No. 12.

Programming and development planning of the work.
operations, tasks, logical sequences and time spent. Construction process planning, programming and plotting operations shall be conducted in the work plan of resistant structures, according to the interrelationships of all tasks ordered under the constructive aspect of the architectural work. Inspections and quality control. Documents required for the implementation of the resistant structure. Cost criteria.

-------------------------------------------- ----

STRUCTURES PROGRAM 3
----------------------------------------------- -

THEMATIC UNIT No. 1. Structural Design for Buildings in height and covers Great Lights.

1. Complexity.
1.1. Space: Space differentiated in terms of levels and functions. Space resolution which among other functions indicate the use of mechanical circulatory systems are organized in small and medium-sized or large areas, for small residential buildings with light beam (or between columns), or for office buildings (or free plants ) structures on the facade and core circulation (large lights). O enclosures for large free span.
1.2. Height of buildings: Middle and high altitude. Criteria slimness, its influence on the foundations.
1.3. Technology: reinforced concrete structures, steel, etc. Streamlined traditional building systems., Pre-industrialized and industrialized countries.

2. Typologies. Fundamentals
content and the need to address the issues of structural design for tall buildings in the area of \u200b\u200bhousing, work, health, education, entertainment, etc., And structural design for buildings with roofs of large spans, which architecture respond to collective use. Architecture for the sport. Architecture for workplaces and production, transportation, religion, etc.

3. Problems projecting general.
3.1. Knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to acquire for the design and use of 'structural typology' own level. The responsibility of the professional structures. Fitness and professional skills to acquire, for the Architect - responsible for any event of the building and their structure, complete the preparation meet their incumbencies already regulated in the Argentine Civil Code
3.2. The contents and scope of what the architect should know about the structures of the level. Architectural Structural Systems interpreted as principles of design. Stages to the process of structural design in works of "media and high complexity. "
3.3. Dealing with the study of tall buildings and long-span roofs, such as structural systems and subsystems, construction, facilities, etc., choosing an" optimal structure, which in turn meets the conditions "beyond "to it. The structure as a conditioning factor and conditioned Architectural Design.
3.4. Analysis of common solutions, in conjunction with critical justification. Verification of Structural Design work done. I pose structural alternatives. critical and comparative analysis of various options. Selecting the most appropriate alternatives.

THEMATIC UNIT # 2. Analysis of the problem of tall buildings.

1. Loading conditions.
1.1. Analysis of the relevant charge states, depending on the structural typology applicable to construction-level characteristics.
1.2. Posing of the problems derived from the loading to be borne by structural elements and their transmission to the foundations. Treatment of major charges in a tall building. Vertical loads. Horizontal loads.

2. Vertical actions.
dead loads. Burdens of occupation. CIRSOC rules 101, or national regulations.
criteria and procedures for the distribution of vertical loads and determining the status of solicitation in different structural elements.

3. Horizontal actions.
criteria and procedures for the distribution of horizontal loads Accidental Wind and Earthquake, and determining the status of solicitation in the various structural elements. CIRSOC rules, or regulations in force. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 3. Systems design windbreak structures.

1. Performance of the building before the wind. Rollover Safety. Check

2. Windbreak types of structures. Analysis of structural variants.

3. Advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations of each system. Technical and economic feasibility. Criteria for choosing the most appropriate structural system.

4. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Regulatory standards.

5. Solutions Reinforced Concrete and Steel. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 4. Earthquake resistant design.

1. Performance of the building to seismic actions. Structural and construction estimates.

2. Types of structures that can withstand seismic activity. Strengths, weaknesses, successes and shortcomings of each system.

3. Technical and economic feasibility. Criteria for choosing the most appropriate structural system.

4. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Regulatory standards.

5. Solutions Concrete, Steel, combined solutions. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 5. Analysis of some major types.

1. Solid walls and drafts. Vertical circulation cores as upwind structures.

2. Frame system.

3. Systems by combining frames and walls. Frame-wall interaction.

4. Tubular systems, facades resistant.

5. Spatial reticulated systems.

6. Macro porches.

7. Other structural types. THEMATIC UNIT


No. 6. Foundations.

1. Foundations high-rise buildings and large lights. Soil mechanics. Depth on the issue of "soil mechanics." Soil physical properties. Theory of soil mechanics. Resolution of the issues raised by the project and construction methods. Interpretation of soil test results.

2. Structural type of foundation level. Foundations direct and indirect.
2.1. Direct foundations. Continuous foundations. Foundations of partitions with flexocompresión and foot frames. Vertical circulation core foundations. Vault compression. Vault traction.
2.2. Foundations indirect. Racing: prefabricated and manufactured on site. Established wells or cylinders. Heads, anchors, construction procedures, etc. Advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations of different systems analyzed. Technical and economic feasibility. Criteria for choosing the system of a building foundation. Predimensioning criteria, sizing and verification. Using charts and manuals.

3. Special structures in basements to push soil or water. Problems with several underground buildings. Foundations below the water table. Deep excavations. Theory of soil thrust. Walls and containments. Stalls and sub-pressure plates for multiple purposes. Deep basements and excavations: an analysis of the various states of charge. Problems during excavation and submuración. Solutions to the various proposals for implementation. Shoring, etc.. Advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations. Technical and economic feasibility, etc.. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 7. Pure tensile structural systems.

1. Definition of the structural system. General. Dominant and secondary mechanisms. Historical references. Its evolution and perspectives. Analysis of works.

2. Typology and classification. Formal possibilities. Pure tensile structures that shaped cover surface: Simple curvature (surface of revolution and translation) Double positive total curvature (surface of revolution and translation). Double negative total curvature (surface of revolution and translation).

3. Geometry of surfaces limitation, interpenetration and composition of sectors. Space and the resulting shape. Plants.

4. Materialization and structural behavior. Criteria to "stabilize" a structure of pure tension. For each sub-structural: analysis, synthesis and evaluation as to its importance as a determinant factor of Architectural Design and conditioned, its formal and functional possibilities to the realization with different materials and construction techniques, to technical and economic feasibility. Heavy traction structures, ditto light, truss Jawerth, Plana and Radial. Hyperbolic paraboloid cable, pre-tension concept and various states of loads: dead weight, wind, snow, ice. States combined. Support.

5. Technical characteristics and construction problems. Its advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations. Lower and upper limits of competence. Reliability of these works.

6. General criteria: predimensioning, dimensioning and verification. Design supports and foundations.

7. Teaching models, geometric Aerodynamic testing and static charges. Composite structures. Structural composition. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 8. Pure tensile structural systems. Inflatable structures and tensioned membrane.

1. Definition of Structural System. General. Dominant and secondary mechanisms. Historical references. Its evolution and perspectives. Analysis of works.

2. Typology and classification. Formal possibilities. Air-supported building. Air-filled building. Pneumatic hybrid constructions. Choice of forms suitable air.

3. Surface geometry: limitation, interpenetration and composition of sectors. Space and the resulting shape. Plants.

4. Materialization and structural behavior. Criteria to "stabilize" a pneumatic structure. For each subsystem: analysis, synthesis and evaluation as to its importance as a determinant factor of Architectural Design and conditioned, to its formal and functional possibilities, to being realized with different materials and construction techniques. A techno-economic feasibility.

5. Technical characteristics and construction problems. In its advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations. Lower and upper limits of competence. Reliability of these works.

6. Criterios generales de predimensionado, dimensionado y verificación. Diseño de apoyos y fundaciones.

7. Membranas tensadas, criterios de diseño y pre-dimensionado. Apoyos.

UNIDAD TEMATICA Nº 9. Sistemas estructurales de compresión dominante.

1. Definición del Sistema Estructural. Generalidades. Mecanismos Dominante y Secundarios. Referencias históricas. Su evolución y perspectivas. Análisis de obras realizadas.

2. Tipología y clasificación. Posibilidades formales. Estructuras de compresión dominante en que la cubierta tiene forma de superficie de: Simple curvatura (superficie de traslación) Doble curvatura total positiva (superficie de revolución and translation). Double negative total curvature (surface of revolution and translation).

3. Geometry of surfaces limitation, interpenetration and composition of sectors. Space and the resulting shape. Plants.

4. Materialization and structural behavior. Buckling problems in compression systems dominant structures. For each sub-structural: analysis, synthesis and evaluation as to its importance as a determinant factor of Architectural Design and conditioned, its formal and functional possibilities, the performance of different materials and construction techniques, to technical and economic feasibility.

5. Technical characteristics and construction problems. Its advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations. Lower and upper limits of competence. Reliability of these works. General criteria: predimensioning, dimensioning and verification. Design supports and foundations. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 10. Laminar structural systems. Shells.

1. Definition of the structural system. General. Dominant and secondary mechanisms. Historical references. Its evolution and perspectives. Analysis of works.

2. Typology and classification. Formal possibilities. Layered structures in which the housing shells shaped surface From Simple curvature (surface travel) Double positive total curvature (surface of revolution and translation). Double negative total curvature (surface of revolution and translation).

3. Geometry of surfaces limitation, interpenetration and composition of sectors. Space and the resulting shape. Plants.

4. Materialization and structural behavior. Buckling shells. For each sub-structural: analysis, synthesis and evaluation as to its importance as a determinant factor of Architectural Design and conditioned, its formal and functional possibilities, the performance of different materials and techniques construction, its technical and economic feasibility.

5. Technical characteristics and construction problems. Its advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations. Lower and upper limits of competence. Reliability of these works.

6. General criteria: predimensioning, dimensioning and verification. Design supports and foundations.
7. Prefabrication. Application of prestressed structures in shells mixed. Structural composition. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 11. Flat laminar structural systems. Folded.

1. Definition of Structural System. General. Dominant and secondary mechanisms. Historical references. Its evolution and perspectives. Analysis of works.

2. Typology and classification. Formal possibilities. Classification by geometric configuration: prismatic, semi-prismatic, pyramidal taper. Classified by the shape of the folding section. Simple and multiple folded folded. Folded unidirectional and bidirectional.

3. Geometry of surfaces limitation, interpenetration and composition of sectors. Space and the resulting shape. Plants.

4. Materialization and structural behavior. Problems in the folded edge. Buckling problems. Proportions of bending and deformability of edges for each subsystem structural: analysis, synthesis and evaluation as to its importance as a determinant factor of Architectural Design and conditioned, its formal and functional possibilities, the performance of different materials and construction techniques, to technical and economic feasibility.

5. Technical characteristics and construction problems. Its advantages, disadvantages, scope and limitations. Lower and upper limits of competence. Reliability of these works.

6. General criteria: predimensioning, dimensioning and verification. Design supports and foundations.

7. Prefabrication. Application of prestressing in folded structures reinforced concrete. Composite structures. Structural composition. Metal folding. THEMATIC UNIT

No. 12. Structural bar systems.

1. Definition of Structural System. General. Dominant and secondary mechanisms. Historical references. Its evolution and perspectives. Analysis of works.

2. Typology and classification. Formal possibilities. Stereo structures and flat structures. Bar structures in which the housing has a surface: Simple curvature (surface of revolution and translation) Double positive total curvature (surface of revolution and translation). Double negative total curvature (surface of revolution and translation).

3. Geometry of surfaces limitation, interpenetration and composition of sectors. Space and the resulting shape. Plants.

4. Materialization and structural behavior. Bar buckling in structural systems analogy key compression. For each sub-structural: analysis, synthesis and evaluation as to its importance as a determinant factor of Architectural Design and conditioned, its formal and functional possibilities, the performance of different materials and construction techniques, to technical and economic feasibility.

5. Technical characteristics and construction problems. Its strengths, weaknesses, achievements and limitations. Lower and upper limits of competence. Reliability of these works.

6. General criteria: predimensioning, dimensioning and verification. Design supports and foundations.

7. Prefabrication and industrialization. Composite structures. Structural composition.

How Did Keri Leigh Tucker

sources are dubious but I speak the truth

ACTUALIDAD

En el nuevo disco de No Te Va Gustar, "El camino más largo" (2008), el cantante, guitarrista y compositor Emiliano Brancci ari escribe un tema para la que vieja disputa que da vida a este Blog continúe firme y vigente:

EL MISMO CANAL

(Emiliano Brancciari)

Dispuestos a fingir frente a la cámara tres

total lo que digamos esta bien

o al menos desde arriba ya me dieron el ok, ok

I do not lie just tell the truth

the sources are questionable but I speak the truth

so many years I know you never mistrusted

now that you're going to do, ok, ok

not you see? for you I am still here

see me! at the same time and I see the same channel!

see me, see me

Leave, do not worry I'll help you think you're smart

, but the soap

much time to change the cell

meantime I will suggest what you got to vote, vote!

I do not lie just tell the truth

the sources are dubious but I speak the truth

few years ago, if you know me never mistrusted

now that you're going to do, ok, ok

not you see? for you I am still here

see me! at the same time and I see the same channel!

see me, you can see me ...

is obviously critical to the media in general, perhaps more to those who handle them, but also those who communicate, as they are responsible for transmitting information. Ever, the former bass player, Matthew Moreno said "have the power of the microphone is a huge opportunity not be wasted ". Now, his former partner in charge of discussing and ironic use of that possibility but the side of the media.

" The sources are dubious but I speak the truth ... "

The Best Place To Live In Medicino Couty Ca

"I charge five hundred dollars for three minutes" Revelations

After the holidays back into the ring with this Blog, which initially started only by the desire to write something, informally, and more as personal financial information such as promotion or other things. The appearance of readers, the recommendation of friends, and my desire to write that are still present, make this year ROCKERS & JOURNALISTS go his way, trying now to have more continuity than before (and enough of irregular postings once a month). Or at least I try.

So that's the thing, I insert in the blogger scene (but not both, is not that every day there will be new things) with a little more depth. See what happens. It Pranto

and to start the year of fun, maybe a story known in the rocker scene, but it fits perfectly into the idea of \u200b\u200bthis blog:

punk group Phlegm is interviewed in 2000 by Gustavo Olmedo for the MuchMusic channel, program Rock Front, and the final replication singer Ricky Espinosa to the driver that he had charged $ 500 for three minutes of note is simply glorious. But it also takes the cake in the presence of the taxi driver the note, and Olmedo asking something like one of the band.



will be several stories of Ricky Espinosa hanging around here, some of which will be taken from the book recomendadísimo Sebastian Duarte "Phlegm Ricky, the last punk" .