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Ablation: Zero Tolerance

On February 5 was held on International Day of Zero Tolerance against Female Genital Mutilation.

Female genital mutilation comprises all procedures involving partial or total ablation of the external female genitalia.

There are three types of mutilation:

Type I: Excision of the prepuce, with or without partial or total amputation of the clitoris.
Type II: Amputation of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora.
Type III: partial or total removal of external genitalia and stitching / narrowing of the vaginal opening (infibulation). According

World Health Organization , worldwide, between 100 and 140 million girls and women have been subjected to procedures of type I, II and III and in Africa each year three million girls and women are at risk of being subjected to any of these types of mutilation.

What are the consequences of executing this practice?

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is very dangerous and often has serious physical, sexual and mental. Usually the procedure takes place in unsanitary conditions and used Dull knives, broken glass, aluminum lids, knives, scissors and knives. Victims are not given anesthesia or antibiotics. Almost no access to medical treatment. A fully infibulated women were cut, scrape or burn the external genitalia. To suture the wound open spines are used or cat or lamb intestines and only a small hole left open for her menstruation. Girls legs were tied together for up to two months to immobilize them while they heal from their wounds.

develop this procedure in unsanitary conditions often result in infection, bleeding, abscesses, benign nerve tumors, cysts, scarring and infertility. Because FGM is practiced as a group ritual in many girls at the same time, using the same instrument to maul, can easily cause infection of HIV and other diseases.



Infibulation generally makes women hold in Inside the urine and menstrual blood, which can result in sterility caused by chronic urinary tract infections and pelvic. In addition, women are constantly subjected to caesarean section and this results in a lot of scars. This results in very painful and dangerous childbirth, as the work of labor is prolonged, the birth canal is blocked and this causes perianal tears in the mother. Generally, those who carried out this procedure (FGM) are not found guilty of damaging effects. Instead, it is said that the culprits are witchcraft or lack of effectiveness of the rituals associated with that procedure.

Women who are subjected to genital mutilation, significantly more likely to have complications when they want to give birth, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, episiotomy and prolonged hospitalization. In addition, children of mothers who had undergone the practice (compared with the others) were at increased risk of dying during childbirth or needing resuscitation immediately after birth.

is documented the existence of this practice in 28 countries in Africa and several countries in Asia and the Middle East. Also reported some forms of mutilation in other countries, and in certain ethnic groups in Central America and South America. Insufficient data to ensure this fact, but that local indicators for girls and women living outside their places of origin, including North America and Western Europe, an increasing number of girls who have suffered or may suffer genital mutilation in their respective host countries. MGT

in Africa: Benin
(50%), Burkina Faso (between 43 and 66%), Cameroon (20%), Chad (60%), Côte d'Ivoire (60%), Egypt (97%) , Eritrea (90%), Ethiopia (90%), Gambia (60 and 90%), Ghana (between 15 and 30%), Guinea (between 70 and 90%), Guinea-Bissau (50 %), Kenya (50%, Liberia (between 50 and 60 percent), Mali (between 90 and 94%), Mauritania (50%), Niger (20%), Nigeria (50%), Central African Republic (50%), Democratic Republic of Congo (5%) , Senegal (20%), Sierra Leone (between 80 and 90%), Somalia (98%), Sudan (89%), Tanzania (10%), Togo (12%, Uganda (5 percent) and Djibouti ( between 90 and 98%).


Why is FGM practiced?

• FGM is traditionally a ritual that marks the entrance of women in society, establishing their legitimacy to marry. It is believed that young women makes them subservient. The justifications for FGM include the belief that babies can die if they touch the clitoris at birth, which is something hygienic and / or improve fertility and protects the chastity.

• In many societies the main reason for FGM is the belief that reduces a woman's sexual appetite and therefore reduces the chances of premarital sex. In societies that practice FGM is difficult if not impossible, for a woman to marry if you have not been mutilated. Marriage is almost always the only path for women in societies that practice FGM because they receive little education and are discouraged to overcome. In the case of infibulation, the woman is "sewn" and only "Open" for her husband. It is thought that restricting women's sexuality is vital for the whole family honor, as it is perceived that all its members depend on it.

How does the FGM to maintain gender stratification?

• The FGM is rooted in discrimination against women. It is an abuse of human rights serves as a tool to socialize girls to prescribed gender roles within the family and community. Therefore it is? Imamente linked to the unequal position of women in political structures, social and economic needs of societies that practice.

• Alternatively, women who are not subjected to FGM in societies where the rule is often become ostracized community. In societies where women are no proper education or employment opportunities for single women are forced to rely on family and community, and give them no opportunity to self-sufficiency. Since marriage is seen as the only acceptable and meaningful role for women in societies that practice FGM (and only the maimed are eligible for marriage), FGM condemns women to domestic roles in the home, the After giving them a lower status and reduced to being objects of sexual satisfaction and parenting children.

The FGM as a violation of human rights:

• Every day thousands of girls are targeted for mutilation. FGM is deliberately causes severe pain and suffering and life-threatening effects. FGM is generally affects girls from newborn to teenage girls and seriously violates the Human Rights of the Child. Most survivors suffer physical and mental scars for life. The violence that women and girls are at home is considered to be an issue "private." In addition, since the perpetrators are private actors rather than state officials, it is difficult to FGM being considered an issue of concern para los derechos humanos.

• La MGF es un ejemplo de las violaciones de derechos humanos basadas en el género que existen en todas las culturas donde se busca controlar la sexualidad y autonomía de la mujer. Aunque es muy impactante debido a su gravedad y magnitud, la MGF no debe ser confrontada en aislamiento. Se debe reconocer que la MGF es solamente una de muchas formas de injusticia social que sufren las mujeres en todo el mundo para lograr crear sociedades donde las mujeres sean valoradas completa e igualitariamente.

• Los DD.HH. ven a la MGF como símbolo de la falta de poder económico y social de la mujer. Para solucionar los problemas que perpetúan la MGF, se debe recognize that civil, political, cultural, economic and social are indivisible and interdependent. DD.HH. principles state that the rights of women to physical and mental integrity, to be free from discrimination and higher health standards are universal. Violations of these rights can never be justified.

The FGM and International Law :

• International law requires the state to investigate, prevent and punish violence against women. 26 of 28 African countries that practice FGM have ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

• The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women recognizes that violence against women not only denied their civil and political rights but also their social and economic rights, declaring that "the consequences prevalent of these structural forms of gender violence to condemn women's subordination and contribute to their low levels of participation, education, knowledge and opportunities. " The statement indicates that the State should not handle the customs, traditions or religion to escape obligations to eliminate violence against women, and must show due diligence to investigate and punish such violence and establish appropriate protective measures.

The work of NGOs to combat FGM:

• local NGOs to recognize that laws are effective, they must be accompanied by broad and inclusive strategies to raise awareness and promote community education. In addition to creating, maintaining and implementing anti-FGM legislation, the State is required to identify and eliminate all beliefs that perpetuate and reinforce gender discrimination. For these reasons NGOs help strengthen state laws against FGM to eradicate this practice when they work in favor of education, tratamiento médico y apoyo para las mujeres en las comunidades donde se practica la MGF.

• Algunas organizaciones locales han designado ritos alternativos para reemplazar a las ceremonias tradicionales de MGF (y por lo tanto a la mutilación genital) con ofrendas de regalos y celebraciones. La clave para el éxito en este sentido es tener la sensibilidad cultural necesaria cuando se confrontan ciertas costumbres tradicionales, las cuáles son consideradas normales y necesarias en las culturas donde se practica la MGF.

• La acción efectiva requiere el entendimiento de lo complejo de las percepciones y creencias relacionadas con la MGF. El significado cultural de la MGF no puede ser ignorado. La erradicación this practice should be defined not as an item on the disposal of such rites, but as the refining and / or replacement of such rites in ways that can promote traditional values \u200b\u200bwhile eliminating the physical and psychological.

• FGM is a practice that complicates and increases the terrible violence against women and girls in ways such as discrimination, repression and inequality. Once this issue becomes more public the countries that permit or perpetuate FGM find more criticism and scrutiny by the international community. It should be clear that any form of violence against women can be justified through cultural arguments of any kind.

• Other NGOs working in that practice to be sanitary, best polémca creating a large scale, it would be a way to legalize the ablation.
  

About:

• attack women journalists in Sierra Leone to report on FGM
• Sudan commemorates International Day Against Female Genital Mutilation
• UN Agencies Unite Against female genital mutilation
• Guinea Bissau about to ban FGM.